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Vietnam: A Vietnamese mandarin of the Royal Court at Hue in the late 19th century.

Vietnam: A Vietnamese mandarin of the Royal Court at Hue in the late 19th century.

Although Vietnam has for centuries vigorously resisted any form of direct Chinese control, its traditional form of government has been almost a carbon copy of China, being based on Confucianism, the Imperial system, and a highly literate mandarinate.