Italy: Philosophical Mercury or Mercurius. Miniature painting on vellum, Italian School, 15th century, thought to be derived from the Rosarium Philosophorum of Arnaldus de Villanova, 12th-13th century

Arnaldus de Villa Nova (also called Arnau de Vilanova in Catalan, his language, Arnaldus Villanovanus, Arnaud de Ville-Neuve or Arnaldo de Villanueva, c. 1240–1311) was a physician and a religious reformer.

He is credited with translating a number of medical texts from Arabic, including works by Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Abu al Salt, and Galen.

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