Iraq: An enthroned Muslim ruler (detail), from Abu'l-Faraj al-Isfahani's Kitab al-Aghani (Book of Songs) Mosul, 1219 CE

The Book of Songs is an anthology of early Arabic poetry that not only has literary value, but is also important from a cultural and historical perspective.

The ruler is wearing a qaba turki robe. On his head is a sharbush. He is generally identified with Badr al-Din Lulu, Atabeg of Mosul, who died in 1259 CE.

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