Russia: White Russian commander Admiral Kolchak inspecting White (counter-revolutionary) troops at Omsk in Siberia, 1919

Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak (Russian: Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Колча́к, 16 November [O.S. 4 November] 1874 – 7 February 1920) was a polar explorer and commander in the Imperial Russian Navy, who fought in the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War. During the Russian Civil War, he established a counter-revolutionary government in Siberia—later the Provisional All-Russian Government—and was recognised as the 'Supreme Ruler and Commander-in-Chief of All Russian Land and Sea Forces' by the other leaders of the White movement (1918–1920).

His government was based in Omsk, in southwestern Siberia. He tried to defeat Bolshevism by ruling as a dictator but his government proved weak and confused. For example, he lost track of the imperial gold reserves and much of it disappeared. He failed to unite all the disparate elements. He refused to consider autonomy for ethnic minorities, refused to collaborate with non-Bolshevik leftists, and relied too heavily on outside aid. As his White forces fell apart, he was captured by independents and handed over to the Bolsheviks, who executed him.

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