Ethiopia: 'The obelisk at Axum', Henry Salt, c. 1810

The Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, also known as the Aksumite Empire, was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, existing from approximately 100–940 CE. It grew from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period ca. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE, and was a major player in the commerce between the Roman Empire and Ancient India.

The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own currency, the state established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

Under Ezana (fl. 320–360), Aksum became the first major empire to convert to Christianity, and was named by Mani (216–276) as one of the four great powers of his time along with Persia, Rome, and China. In the 7th century the Muslims, who originated in Mecca, sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to Aksum (Abyssinia), a journey famous in Islamic history as the First Hijra. Aksum's ancient capital is found in northern Ethiopia. The Kingdom used the name 'Ethiopia' as early as the 4th century. It is also an alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and a purported home of the Queen of Sheba.

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